For the first 100 people who sign up, I will personally offset the first month of your carbon footprint on Wren: https://wren.co/veritasium

P3oples emissions are not the main problem. Corporate emissions are.

Geopolyers have the potential to offset lots of carbon footprint,. I'll personally hold you accountable for that missing research.

No thanks, you obviously don’t understand the basic concept of carbon footprint, stay buried in that concrete.

@@littlegamer00 based

This might actually be the first time I’ve seen a hydraulic press being used for it’s intended purpose lmao

Lol , I know right. 🤣

The stuff in it still goes boom

hah

Commas on the other hand, still can't be used for their intended purpose.

@@xenokarasu homie wtf are you talking about

You have now cemented yourself as the best science/education channel. You don't just make stuff up you always have concrete evidence to back up your facts.

The clean editing really reinforces this content.

I see what you did there

A very solid and well grounded compliment. Rock on Bro

This comment goes hard.

​@@norukamoah

As a structural engineer, I really appreciate this video. Concrete is such an incredible material and most people don't realize just how impressive and important it is.

The fact that this method of architecture has been used for thousands of years is so cool to me. Makes me wonder if there was ever a point to where concrete makers had to convince everyone that it was given by god because of how powerful basic science was at the time lol.

It's very useful but it's just a shame that it's has such an important environmental impact. Not to mention we're running out of sand. Today, architects always go for the default concrete buildings and don't even consider other alternatives that are totally viable. It's a bit like petrol fuel : it's a very useful resources but when ended up using it way more than necessary.

@marz6770  yeah you're right. I was kinda just talking from an engineering materials perspective. But yeah from an environmental aspect it's not great. But tbf, it's also partly because we just use so damn much of it. If we used basically any material in that quantity then that material would probably cause huge environmental issues.

I never thought about it until I started working as an inspector. I work in the lab sometimes and it always amazes me how strong concrete can be.

@@skullkrusher4418 I agree the quantity makes it worse. The thing is we do have alternatives that actually have less impact but we're just addicted to concrete. We use it even for regular sized buildings that could be wood or other materials that are totally viable. Also I did mention that we're running out of sand but we also destroy entire ecosystems while digging it.

As a concrete worker it’s nice seeing someone make a video about it. It’s dramatically under appreciated yet it’s in everyone’s daily lives. Thanks for the video

I agree! I am a Comcrete Technician, and Concrete itself is everywhere, but before I worked in the field, I didn't know just how deep the field goes. From The beginning of the Production line of Extracting the Materials, the Cement Production with it's own deep field thats now changing drasticly, the Way we Recycle Water and it's composition the Mixer needs to always consider in combination with the types, to the Plant that helps combining the materials created by Hundreds of years of Innovation, to the Responsibilites of Upkeep, Repairing and Dispositioning, followed after the mixing by chemicly testing it through(in the EU) 23 different possible methods depending on the Consistency it was mixed to, it's a field that requires you to consider a multitude of different aspects. It's hard to get into the field, but it sucks you in. It's not for everyone, especially with the labor aspects as it requires you to overexert your energy quite a lot, for a Mixer or Dispositioner, 12 to 15 hours of work per day are very common, and it takes a heavy toll, but I fell in love with it.

I agree ! I’m a concrete dispenser, and it’s certainly feel bad that I can no longer inject concrete into kids rectums with this new found child safety laws & guards at every kindergarten and school.

​@@andrei_chikatil0 That is the most off-putting, bizarre comment I've ever seen.

as a non-concrete worker, i have a new appreciation for concrete :D

"People often mix cement and concrete up" That's true, they even made machines to do that for them.

I love how the safety glass just fell over and the machine still keeps going

The safety glass is from the video production team, not from the cement/concrete factory. The proof: The metal door with the grid is open the whole team to be able to film the slow motion trough that piece of safety glass brought to the site by the camera crew.

I was scared.

It's not an integral part of the machine so there was no interlocking

Please explain spaghettification while falling into a black hole

Yes please! he should fall into a giant bowl of spaghetti though

He did, but he mistakenly uploaded the video while in blackhole so data'ss stuck their in Blackhole

Gravity at your feet is stronger than at your head, meaning your feet are pulled more than your head, stretching you out.

@@samueljames0908 😂

@@samueljames0908 seriously

I like how he says people often mix up cement and concrete, and then he says "so this is what it looks like inside a cementtruck" and ads a *concrete truck* to the cut

In the US, they are used interchangeably, correctly. It’s been long enough to become part of the language

​@@tkalle1299they are used as the same, but they are definitely not. When people refer to concrete as cement, that is incorrect.

😂😂

@@tkalle1299 "Cement truck" refers to a dry bulk trailer hauling the actual cement powder used to make concrete. At a concrete plant the distinction is important

I just love people's blank stare as I tell them their concrete will cure much better if they dont let it dry out lol.

This videos such a joke, pouring a 27" slump on yourself and seeing how it feels, saying it's tough to step out of. Pour a 6" or a 4" and tamp it down, then holler at me.

​@@RohirimSassHave you ever heard the story of Darth Plagueis the wise?

@@RohirimSass Are...are you under the impression that this was a challenge video? Like Derek had to get out of the concrete to win $100,000?

@@RohirimSass yonem beokye ENNEWOT WEPNEDDLY'S UNMITURIOUSLY OMEDOME-DA !!!!!!

@@RohirimSass cragmaggle snackle....

Thank you for Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, and Emily Zhang for creating the Bill Wurtz inspired bit, 'skyscrapers are made out of seashells'. It was hilarious.

I did my masters thesis on ways to make concrete more environmentally friendly. Reducing cement by small amounts and replacing with carbon, char in my case, works really well. I don’t miss breaking cylinders at all but this video was a good reminder of the times. Also that was not a slump test, that was a flow test. Very different things. Really amazing video. Even for someone like me who has spend way too much time in a concrete lab, I learnt a few things. Thank You

I thought it was a bit hypocritical to waste concrete and then ask for money to offset the carbon footprint that someone else has. Although the plastic sphere may have had a larger carbon footprint. Biochar forever.

​@@AndrewBrenner1ya know that they can let the concrete set and then regrind and reuse it, right? It's not "wasted"

@@DumbArse Um - you can reuse it as gravel. wet it all you want it will never set again.

Actually it’s a spread test

@@AndrewBrenner1grind it back into gravel to be used as gravel, not rocket science.

Anyone else laugh when he said “the difference between cement and concrete. People often mix these up”? I’m definitely adding that to the dad joke catalog

With all the abstract science, it's nice of Veritasium to focus on something concrete once in a while.

ba dum tssss

dam that joke that's conk creet

Lol noice

That was solid 👌

learned that cement is based

Just found this channel and by far this is one of the best science channels I've seen. It's so good because it doesn't just explain the science. Even though other channels can get me to pay attention with interesting facts and easy explanations to understand, you go the extra mile. You actually apply a narrative to the science, that develops and keeps going and pulls me along. You don't just sell me the science, you sell me its history and its potential. You sell me its story.

As soon as you ran up that mound and flashed that bright, cheeky smile, I knew you were my kinda people 🏆 The seashell part had me rolling 😂 Please keep it up!

Welcome to the science community!! We have cookies.

Ah yes, i love when we have a good mix of doing something extremely dumb while explaining something in a really smart way

I think a huge reason you could not sink was because of your dry suit. Like the incident were a man died from swimming in a whirlpool. He was fine because the dry suit created air bubbles that kept him up float. But once he put his head under, he sunk straight down. Hopefully that helps you guys know why you couldn’t sink

Boy, can I tell you about the base PH of concrete eating skin. I've done many smaller concrete projects without issue, never wore gloves, and the worst effect is dry skin in the following days. But the largest job by far, was my own home foundation, and when pouring the footers, I was exposing myself to the wet concrete for very much longer. You know how if you're in a pool for a long time, your fingerprints and parts of the palm get all wrinkly. Well, that's saturated skin, and the base solution can dissolve that saturated skin quite easily, and that's what happened to me. No pain while it happened, and only because I noticed a little blood while screeding my forms, did I pause to see if a sharp stone may have cut me. I washed my hands, and to my horror, found all my finger/thumbprint areas and the palm at the base of each finger and thumb with holes eaten right through the skin. The next two weeks were very challenging and painful as they healed. I was surprised to see my fingerprints return though! I don't do concrete work without gloves anymore. 😅

"I did not expect it to feel this heavy." You said it yourself, Derek. It's _liquid rock._

oh. Liquid Rock = awesome energy drink name! take that down!!! 😎

@@darkherostar protein drink?

Next, I want to see him bathe in Magma. That's ACTUAL liquid rock. And it tends to set up rather quickly. That would be a very entertaining video

@@ralphralpherson9441 well that's the most unpleasant idea ever

I work with concrete every day and have learned the different materials and different additives for different uses. I operate the trucks, batch loads of concrete and load bins and hoppers, conveyers and more. So Cool to see it in a video. I see all of this and more every day

Funny how this is almost PTSD for me 😅 I worked at Preferred Materials and I think I’d rather jump into a hopper than go back 😂

Seeing you run through the gravel resurfaced some serious nostalgia. I remember going to these big gravel yards as a kid and running all the way to the top to tell my dad which mound was the best to grab from. What a time

One of my favourite ever episodes! So interesting and informative.. well communicated as ever

The things you do for science! You’re like the only person I know who used a concrete truck as a slide to jump into concrete. Thank you for making science fun!

As another referenced... It's the forbidden slide!

Some of your best work! The science, the tech, the edit, your delivery, great as usual.

This really cemented my love for concrete demonstrations

Beat me to it 😅

i was gonna say the same thing, but i guess it's already been set in stone.

what a CONCRETE explanation!

What a lovely aggregate of pun enjoyers here!

20:51 now I know why she sells seashells on the seashore 🌊 (it’s highly profitable)

I need to watch this out on my patio, I am feelin claustrophobic as all hell just watching this. Edit: I love how Derek runs up the hill, smiling like a kid. It's just something that we as humans HAVE to do. 22:16 ok now he's ACTUALLY just playing n having fun, and everyone else seems to be having a blast too. This is surprisingly wholesome.

Really interesting to hear about the alkalinity of cement! I never knew it was so dangerous.

I'm glad you clarified cement and concrete. I work in the quality control side of construction and this mistake people constantly make irritates me.

Hey Derek, Really love your videos. I find them really really interesting. I'm a student preparing for my 10th exams , and yet your videos are still understandable. Thank you for all of that. Keep it up. :)

This episode was great! I love concrete!!! Always welcome the more engineering stuff! ❤

As someone who has worked in the construction industry for a long time, but knowing nothing about concrete, the bottle of pop being mixed into the cement 100% sounds like something you'd tell a new guy to do lmao

Truth or fiction, KO stockholders love it.

Imagine the new dudes face when you grab the bottle from him and actually dump it in 🤣

We just keep a 5 lb bag of sugar on the truck, but yeah it works.

I love seeing these concrete experts doing what they love! 😁👍🏻

I was quality control at New York states largest pre cast concrete producer. It’s crazy seeing this places quality control. It’s drastically different and the equipment is better. The water storage of the cylinders is a new concept to me. I’m familiar with storing the on a rack and throwing a tarp over it if the inspector is around lol also the cylinders I crushed would consistently break under the required psi. I love hearing about the strict requirements for the size shapes of the aggregates. Try doing the 90 day gradation test required by New York State over a source change at multiple plants. Testing it for 90 days, everyday. The sand is drastically different than anything I saw. We always get very wet looking sand. If this place is hiring, I do still have my aci concrete field testing tech certification. Also what sense does it make the cylinders from the same batch would break at a drastically different pressure? It’s not like the time change was drastically different. You did the spread test incorrectly. You would have failed your aci for not properly tamping it down on each layer added to the cylinder, with 3 equal layers. You didn’t even fill it right. 25 tamps is required per layer

I'm so glad you know the difference between cement and concrete. I'm a concrete finisher, and I hate when people mix the 2 up. Or they say "it's the same thing" lol

Look at their smiles! They can finaly share their work, their effort, their passion, with others. So glad you went there. 7:39

Now my ADHD wonders: How did we ever think to heat up limestone and to that temperature? How did we ever think to add water to it? Were we curious? Messing with rocks and fire just for shits and giggles? How’d we make glass? Heating up sand just cause we can? How’d we create polymers? Meshing chemicals together? I’m just curious about how things came to be, How we learned to make something or heat something to a certain point or apply something to it. ADHD leads to me being curious constantly

Every kid on a roadtrip ever has wanted to slide down the forbidden slide at the back of the concrete truck. And Derek actually did it.

that was my first thought.

As a concrete worker you actually have to do this sometimes, climb up the chute (in your case slide) and use your boots to push down the last bits of crete as you slide down. Only really do it in the case that we need every last bit on concrete

@@buzzintrippin That's a real solid way to get some concrete out. Might be handy for a new foundation

@@buzzintrippin the little boys amongst us are cheering you on.

That’s not just a little boy dream. Every little girl I knew (myself included) wanted to slide down those things. It was on the list just below riding the equally forbidden luggage carousel at the airport.

I did an internship creating tricalcium silicate for research at NIST. This video was so satisfying, reminded me a lot of the work I did and how interesting it was actually learning about cement and cement phases. Who would’ve thought something like that could be so interesting?

As someone who works with cement and river sand to make semi-dry concrete, this was informative and interesting. The main part that caught me is the hardness. We usually use arround 200kg of cement in 1m3 of concrete, but some customers asks us to use more so we increase it up to somewhere between 250 kg and 275 kg in 1m3, and oh boy its way harder to work with up to impossible with low quality sand/dirt (dunno whats the proper english equivalent), apparently for none to slight hardness increase.The problem with low quality material is that it becomes like a sponge and sucks in all the cement/water mixture so fast it hardens extremely quickly relative to the job I am doing

Very interesting as usual. One thing I found was missing, is the recycling of concrete. Especially can we invert the reaction in order to make cement (and aggregates of course) from hardened concrete.

Such an interesting video, I enjoyed learning about concrete way more than I ever thought I would lol

Great video and a great topic! I was wondering if you would make a small video on the quality of concrete. Here you met with serious professionals but it is common that certain companies or not so ethical people would make concrete of not such great quality. I was wondering what were the techniques to make the concrete cheaper, but potentially of lesser quality, and what would be the issues.

I like how that concrete guy’s safety check was simply, “… the weight against your chest. Have you thought about that?” *jump cut*

"...well now that you mention it..."

And I was thinking .. what if that ball starts rolling for some reason? That would become ... unpleasant to say the least.

@@derxen "...well now that you mention it..."

@@derxen yeah, i have so many qustions to the choices of this...

@@derxenwell, unless they set up on a heavily slanted surface, that’s not a concern. The bottom of the fishtank is flat, and now very firmly being pressed against the ground by the concrete in it.

the concrete plant actually looks like grain silos in the midwest (the larger ones that sometimes look abandoned)

What you did and have had experienced in this channel sound soooo fun! I am so jealous when I work at my job listening to your channel.

I ever do an intern in cement factory plant and the clay mining site for couple months.. This video explains everything I learned in literallly 24 minutes.. another great video from Veritasium

Mind boggling . always great videos mate, love your work

your contents is absolutely great! keep up to good work man!

I have first hand experience how concrete is caustic and dissolves skin cells. I had once a hellish concrete job in pouring rain, the pump truck was swimming in mud and the moulds were filling up with water, long story short, due to an almost biblical flooding that day (pump trucks have to empty or the concrete dries) we had no choice than fill up the molds even if we knew it was gonna be trouble. Due to the mud, the concrete started to burst through the groud from underneath the molds, and I had to get in there with a showel.. During the day I every now and then felt a tingling sensation on my hands while showeling, my gloves covered in slur.. Once the day was done and I removed the gloves, I saw that due to being soaking wet, concrete had turned into a soup, went inside my gloves and then marinade my hands in a caustic porridge through the whole day. As a result my fingers had turned black and had received 3rd degree burns. Turns out, unlike acids that cause a burning sensation, caustic attacks and numbs the nerves, so you hardly feel any pain, especially when frantically working to save the pour. The fat and skin from my hands had basically dissolved away, and the chemical burns kept worsening due to the concrete causticity deeply penetrate my flesh. In the end I even had pockets to the bone in some places.. Recovery took an entire year with fixing the fingers, but today I have good mobility close to what it normally was. Be careful not to let concrete on your skin for long periods of time, it will eat through.

Thats wild. Ive worked with concrete here and there barehanded for projects at home simply becsuse i hate gloves, everytime i got some slight chemical burns and irratation from it. I figured it was just silica burns. Washing periodically and directly after helped but the skin took a couple days to return to normal feeling without the tingling and constant dry sensation. I never realized it was such a serious thing or could progress to the point you described here. That sounds horrific. Thanks for sharing that story. Im sorry that happened to you while you were just trying to save a pour at your job.

❤ that sounds horrific. Thank you for sharing your harrowing experience. I hope you continue to have good health here after.

That made my skin crawl, no pun intended.

I was certain that you'd lost your hands completely based on that description 💀 For you to have recovered almost all of your lost functionality is absolutely incredible! I am so happy for you dude 🙏

@@TakeaSwigofTheJuice i agree. I can definitely imagine it all too well. Especially knowing what they mean when they say you dont really feel it much as its happening. The holes going to bones part got me. I think ill wear gloves next time.

Some things to note: cement/ water ratios matter, aggregates are not the only thing that determines strength. The lower the c/m ratio, generally speaking, the higher the strength of the concrete, however you need sufficient water for hydration and usability. Also, concrete is only sought after for its compressive strength, rebar is used in designs for tensile stresses. Finally, pursuing high strength concretes is not always ideal, in bridge engineering for example, designs typically follow “strong beam, weak column” for earthquakes. Column act as sacrificial components during earthquakes and to be able to see damage and access it correctly, you need the concrete damage to be visible. Typically, this is done at the point in which the ground movement promotes the most bending moment. Researchers actively investigate concrete everyday, to maximize properties. Its cool stuff, very underrated science

When I started working on construction as an engineer the first thing my boss told me was: do not bury yourself in concrete

What about fibre-reinforced shotcrete used for mining ground support? Be interesting to see more on that

I saw an article that we just discovered concrete that is over twice as strong as what we use currently. I was hoping to see that covered in this video or a follow up

I used to work at a place that made concrete stairs. I did the topping off of the molds with a bucket. The bucket would get heavy so I would use my forearm to lift it. No air conditioning so I was wearing a t shirt. I would use a toothbrush to scrub concrete out of holes in my arm that simply refused to heal.

He's becoming the physics version of Steve Irwin. "I'm gonna explain concrete, FROM THE INSIDE!"

He’s lucky concrete don’t sting

Except Steve educated millions of children to help preserve the environment as it was tied to animals and their ecosystem which in turn, includes us. This video was about concrete for soulless corporations.

​@@BleedForTheWorld for souless corporations?

@@crackedemerald4930 yes

@@BleedForTheWorld How is that you completely missed the point of the video? Ideology-filtered thought makes people say goofy things.

You should talk about the environmental impact of cement production and the alternatives of the future. I remember learning about a clay based concrete that is less basic and produces less CO2 in its production, also allowing the rebar to be of aluminium instead of steel. It is being researched now, if I remember correctly.

I would love to see a video covering concrete variants like aircrete or UHPC.

I really enjoyed this video. The science is explained well. I do miss a part on the environmental impact. Concrete makes up a huge part of total co2 emmissions on earth. Im signed myself up to the channel anyways. Cheers!

Clinker... interesting. The other place I've encountered that is when using a coal-forge for blacksmithing. At the base of the firebox, where the burned ash falls out, you have a handle for the "clinker breaker". It breaks up the slag that doesn't burn after the coal is used up. It's the left over stuff after everything that burns is gone.

Gosh darn this is some high-quality stuff right here. Gonna wait til my kids get home from school to watch this with them.. Thanks Vari :)

The Pantheon _amazes_ me. Just casually still being around two millennia later, and _still_ being the largest unreinforced concrete dome in the world. Such an amazing link to a time and a part of the city that would have been recognisable and familiar to us, two thousand years apart.

It's mighty old.

The main reason that it's "still the largest unreinforced concrete dome in the world" is because people rarely use unreinforced concrete, and if they do, they definitely aren't building huge domes out of it.

Everyone should see the Pantheon in person, it's an ancient marvel and no other building in Italy felt as awesome to me. Such a beautiful connection to humanities past surrounded by modern buildings on all sides.

@@downsonjerome7905 Yeah but that’s the point. While we never went there again on the way they did, this pinnacle of ancient architecture has stood the test of time. None of our modern buildings will be as old as it already is, ever, if its maintained well enough.

@@Arcaryon Granted, we aren't trying to make things that last 2000 years. The engineer tells the client that it'll cost 10% more to make it last 40% longer (better materials, etc) and they scoff and just say, "Give me the 50 year infrastructure, I'll be dead when that fails - it'll be someone else's problem."

Elu was in some of my civil engineering classes! Such a great guy

thank you for the video. always enjoy it and grateful of the effort that you put in it

I just learned the entire subject of concrete technology from him.This video is gold.

Love your videos, they're so educational

Very interesting and informative does this help solve the battle of some DIY videos for concrete slabs? There’s a debate about “dry pour” slabs vs conventional pour slab. Dry pour is where you put the concrete mix in the forms, screed to push aggregate below surface, and then mist with water every hour for about 8 hrs. and then just periodically watering for a couple days while curing, versus the conventional way of mixing bags of concrete with water, screed and finish etc. and periodically watering for a couple days while curing. Based on the information starting on 19:24, Water is essential to the formation of tri calcium Silicate crystals and the crystals grow and become interlocking causing the concrete to harden. it would seem conventional method of pouring a slab of concrete would probably be stronger since only misting may not provide enough water for crystallization or maybe uniform (top to bottom) crystallization of the entire slab. It seems to me the dry pour strength could vary through the slab depending on how the water works it way through the dry mix. But maybe I’m wrong on this and it will work out? Also, to be fair the “Dry pour” videos indicate it’s a process for side walk and shed slabs not driveways etc.(and probably not in freeze/thaw climates) it’s just a way for DIY’s to get a slab done quickly with less work and not having to know how to finish concrete.

Can we all just appreciate Mr. Chavez for a moment how well he explained everything. A true professional

be honest Bissonette James, are you secretly History Matters?

​@@nailil5722 i think not

​@@nailil5722 his account was made in Jan 2021

THE LEGEND HIMSELF

443rd 👍

that was GREAT! I learned more about cement and concrete than in 49 years of life. Thanks!

Great video very interesting stuff. You should have included someone who finishes concrete for a living some of those guys are mad for the stuff 😊

As a concrete enthusiast myself this video generated a strong urge to go buy some bags of concrete and make something out of it lol

How did I randomly land on a video about concrete..idk. But I will say they did a great job on this one. It was actually very informative and fun to watch.

I laughed so hard with the bill wurtz "skyscrapers are made of seashells" song, loved it!

​@@turtletrimmings because bill probably is like a mystical elf that lives in the woods and does things at his own time.

@@crackedemerald4930 nah bill is in charge of time

@@ObjectsInMotion it is not the real Bill Wurtz. The singer is imitating Bill's style well, but it's not his voice.

Bill Wurtz does a much better job than this, but the reference was appreciated 😂

That still doesn't explain how the three seashells in Demolition Man worked... maybe Derek could make a video on that? :P

as someone that studied building science thank you so much for clarifying that cement and concrete are different!! its such a common misconception!!

I'm glad they brought up the idea of a trench collapse. I watched the video because I wondered how exactly you expected to be able to breathe. Trench collapses are a big concern when it comes to Workers' Compensation for that reason.

Cool video, and mostly very informative. Thank you. For a while there, I thought you were going to let it set! Which I was both disappointed and thankful that you didn't. Disappointed because that would have been cool to see (assuming it was safe and you could get out safely); Thankful because... that would be been really hard to get out of safely (and there's the whole lung compression thing). That got me wondering though: if water literally becomes an integral part of the concrete structure, and if concrete is the most used substance in the world, is it then (to some degree) robbing the world of liquid water? And if so, to what degree? Also, can the water be released over time with decay of the material, or stripped apart into oxygen & hydrogen that can later recombine to form liquid water? Lastly, it's a very interesting note to say skyscrapers are made of sea shells :D I would disagree that they are millions of years old though. In fact, the fossils are good evidence that they were buried rapidly at the same time. For example, dead fish tend to float, not settle to the bottom of the ocean, and those that do are quickly picked apart by scavengers... even the bones are generally scattered. Same thing for land animals usually. Not only does a fossil require rapid burial in order to form in the first place (otherwise decay will eat away the flesh & gravity & the elements will get rid of any nice bone structure... and scavengers will probably make quick work of them before that), but the fossil record shows animals in the act of being buried rapidly, e.g. fish in the middle of giving birth or swallowing another fish, huge beds of clams and giant clams in the closed position (clams' shells open and soon separate after they die), dinos in the middle of a fight, footprints, tracks, & even raindrop impacts, & ripples that would surely be quickly destroyed by wind & rain erosion, even petrified poop - which doesn't last long on its own, and soft-bodied sea life like jellyfish that decay extremely fast (so fast that there's typically no trace left after just a short time after their death), and dinos in the death throw of suffocation/drowning with necks and heads snapped back, and the fact that they are finding multiple soft biological tissues and I believe C14 in dino bones - neither of which should last millions of years in normal circumstances to my understanding - for biological materials may even be impossible or extremely difficult in lab conditions (as for C14, they've even found it in diamonds, coal, oil, etc. as I've heard), etc. And it's been proven that fossils can happen rapidly in nature in the right conditions, and we can even make fossils in the lab exactly matching what we see in nature... in a DAY! Links generally are a bad idea in Youtube comments, so I'd recommend looking up the following videos: "Evolutionists, You've Been Caught Lying About Fossils" by the Answers In Genesis Canada Youtube channel (doesn't cover everything evolutionists have lied about fossils, but it's very good); And "Science or Storytelling" by Spike Psarris (former Atheist, turned Creationist before becoming a Christian based on the evidence he was seeing while in the military space program). And I'd also recommend the "Science Resources And More - A Quick Reference Guide" under the "Science" tab of the ChristianAnswersAndResources wordpress website for more resources. Lastly, I'd just like to say that Co2 is plant food, and that volcanos spew out more of it than we ever could. I won't get into the assumed topic, but just be weary of the mainstream narrative... it's not what's going on.

You've actually a made a very good video. I am studying civil engineering and everything you said on this video is almost identical to what our lecturers are teaching us. Also, the concrete mixer truck drivers usually start mixing the concrete a few minutes before arriving at the construction site, that way the concrete is fresh and needs no cola lol It's also fresh for the workers to use and manipulate cuz if it actually arrives almost hardened, how will you set it and work with it.

thats not true. Its accurate to say, the mixer drivers mix it AGAIN, but the mixing itself is already done at the plant, because we first add the aggregates, water, flow mix, air mix and retard mix, and after that the cement, to actually do the proper mixing method. adding coke is illegal in most nations, for that we have retard mixes, which halts the concrete from hardening for up to 30 hours depending on the amount of what you add, however, the retard mix returns deminishes after 6-8 hours, so you require a lot more for the same time.

@@benjaminpolitics gotcha

I was hoping that a vinyl envelope with foot straps to hold Derek down was going to be used so they could separate the concrete into two halves after it set to create a Derek mold. Making the head and facial mold is where the leap of faith comes in. It might be interesting to then cast a Roman concrete fountain with the water shooting out of Derek, in a Family Safe manner of course. It might make a interesting conversation piece in the foyer, yard or garden. How about making Durable Goods durable again and bringing back Emmet and the Fix-It Shop like in Mayberry so items don't get thrown away into landfills but got repaired and handed down for a few generations like they were in the past. My family still does that and I am already planning on who gets to be the steward of my great grandparents durable tools, cookware, etc, etc. I'm one of those rebels today that fixes things that are repairable even when its cheaper to just throw them away and buy a new one just so as not to create more plastic, etc waste. Once you train yourself to be less wasteful you may find you only generate one or two small grocery bags of trash every week just like my wife and I do. It really isn't very difficult and takes little effort plus a small amount of thoughtfulness. Best!

I'm a civil engineer. In my country (Guatemala) almost every structure is made out of concrete. I love how you simplify everything about concrete in this video! I worked as head of laboratory in a concrete laboratory. This video is great. Thanks you!

Bros a civil engineer 💀☠️😭

@@Hi-xg9qr got more subs than u

Concrete lab head sounds like a cool job to have NGL.

@@JESUSCHRIST-ONLYWAYTOHEAVEN Cool story bro. Actually... Pretty bad story bro...

Since you mentioned Carbon Footprint at the end, in relation to the systemic side. Did you know that process of making and laying cement/concrete has a huge carbon output. In parallel to the huge adopted use of cement, it would be cool if society looked at better ways to make liquid rock

this guy rocks, he's really paving the way for science content on youtube

I've been watching your videos for atleast 7 years now (because I distinctly remember your video on the Magnus effect with the basketball), and today I learned that Veritasium-guy is actually named Derek. Thanks Derek Muller, for making entertaining and educational content for all those years. +1

As a civil engineering student, this video is so entertaining and informative at the same time. Kudos to you! And more power to this channel ✨

You know the guys at the plant had a very good day. Someone appreciated their work and captured it and made it easier for others to understand. Look how passionately they tell you of the process in the strength test.

i worked in quality controll for cement/concrete for 3 years and its crazy how strong this stuff gets. some samples we tested after 56 days. its a hella dusty kinda work tho. my nose was stuffed with grey dust every day

That video really gave concrete examples, props!

another amazing educative and fun clip

Either the concrete guys are amazed at some of the things they’ve never considered, like floating in concrete…. Or they were “Whateva”

This video is super educational and entertaining at the same time it's awesome

My dad was on the crew that built Glen Canyon Dam at Lake Powell. There were always rumors that people were buried in the concrete while they were pouring the dam. When asked, he would mention the density of concrete (the same reason you can't sink in lava or molten steel), and the fact that they only poured 4 inches deep at a time. He would end with, "...so that's why no one was buried in the concrete of the dam. ACCIDENTALLY."

Accidentally 😳

How would you intentionally bury either?

​@@shoam2103 lace the body with something denser than concrete, and bury over a few days, 4 inches by for inches. That would be my guess for this exact case. If you have a column to mould, then just tie the body to rebar, and pour.

I kept flashing to the whole stories of mafia bosses burying people in concrete floors. Cool meme I guess but highly not practical. All though, I guess you could weigh them down with already dried concrete then pour fresh over them. 'Course, non of the movies or tvshows ever did that.

If one would pour concrete over a dead body in the bottom of a hole, it would NOT come up and float. The wet concrete would simply cover the body, and harden with the body still on the bottom.

I like the Dirty Jobs feel too this video showing all the workers doing their parts. Like the truck driver being the one to being up a good safety point (except not floating deep enough for it to crush his chest). Reminds me of being a kid and riding with my dad in a dump truck to get loads of gravel from the quarry and watching the crusher breaking the stones and sorting them into various sizes automatically with screens and conveyors. Then the unexpected "Skyscrapers are made of seashells" jingle. 🤣

Loved this. Stone mason, father was a pumper, I worked with my neighbor who had a small concrete company, so I found this interesting (despite alot of this being know to me but the story and the editing made it somehow feel new.

what i found crazy is how concrete is another example of something that humans came close to perfecting before actually understanding how it works

I'm pausing immediately to say that this is uncanny... Just today during work, I had an idle thought: "What would it feel like to have concrete set up around your feet?" Just out of the blue like that, nobody around and no music/radio to prompt that thought. Just... ping, there. And then forgotten about just as quickly. Then this shows up. I know our phones listen to us, but do they also read our mind?

This IS pretty wild...

Sometimes I ask the same question to myself because it happened to me quite a few times

Seeing this as a civil engineer is satisfying af

I’m a programmer, I actually worked with scientists on a concrete formulator a few years ago! You would input the properties of your cement, sand, aggregates, additives, plastifiers, etc. and what use for it (in saltwater, for a residence, etc.) the simulator would try to optimise the quantities to get you the cheapest concrete that matches the required strength! There would be lots of variables to consider: you want to use as little cement as possible while keeping good strength, so you’d be pressed to use sand but it’s expensive as well, so you will use coarser aggregates to fill it up a bit, but it affects strength too, so you want to add some additives to compensate for it, it all is a matter of carefully balancing expensive stuff that give strength and cheap stuff that give volume! Outside verifiable facts like density, volume and pH, it also pretty much is an empiric science: formulas are deduced from past observations, and you usually know what properties to expect based on the granulometry of your sand and aggregates, the ratio of water/cement, etc. In the end, my program used a lot of manual-like algorithms — nudging sliders, checking variations and extrapolating ideal values based on that. Just what people formulating concrete do, just automated. This was one of my most fun projects to work on, people usually assume concrete is easy to do and half ass it, but actual, professional concrete has so much reflexion and cleverness behind it!

So true & great write-up! I'm retired now, but have had positions in the full gamut of the concrete field/industry. Not boasting by any means, but kind of a "you name it, I likely did it" thing. We were less fortunate and often did the mix designs manually, accounting for every property, specific gravity, particular conditions as SSD (saturated surface dry) for the aggregates, water/cement ratio, and countless other properties, materials, and variables. Concrete is, by far, the most misunderstood field/industry ever, as viewed by the general public. The true pro's in this field, no matter what level, are truly underestimated and amazing. Most ppl wrongly assume so many things about concrete. Just as a basic example, I had friends years ago that said how easy they 'thought' it was. Then I gave them a 12" x 12" x 12" wooden box and asked them how hard would it be to just hold that box full of concrete. They laughed and said it would be 'Easy Peasy' and "What's the catch"? They found out there was no 'catch' and how shocked they were when they failed at holding it, as they had no idea that concrete actually weighs 150 lbs per cubic foot, which was the size of that "small box".

*How come you can't use the white sand that Home Depot sells for kids' sandboxes? I've tried it a couple times just to encase conduits, and both times it took days to harden. It probably never got as hard as it should have, but fortunately that wasn't important for what I was doing.*

@@TheRealCheckmate Aside from some 'chemistry' differences between play sand and typical graded sand for concrete, the main 2 big differences that makes play sand far less suitable for concrete mixes is: 1. Play sand is a manufactured/processed sand and consists of very rounded & 'smooth' sand granules, which cause less adhesion and 'bonding' to the Portland cement. Good concrete requires sharp and angular sand particles, which is exactly what concrete-grade graded sand is. 2. The other big difference is that play sand consists of much finer (smaller) sand particles, but even more importantly is that these sand particles have a much narrower size distribution instead of a wider range of particle sizes. In concrete material testing & mix design, we run test samples of sand thru a 'nest' of about 6 progressively smaller mesh sized sieves, with the top sieve catching sand particles larger than approx 1/10" and each successive sieve (in the 7-8 sieve stack) with mesh slightly smaller than the sieve above it. The smallest mesh sieve at the bottom of the stack would trap the finest particles, between .006 to .003 of an inch in size. A pan below that would catch all dust and fines, which is also considered/counted. Quality concrete requires a very specific range of % of sand particles trapped for each sieve size, for an overall wide size range distribution. Play sand has far too few (to zero) of the top 3 or so sand particle/sieve sizes and a far too high of a % of the smaller particle sizes.

@@markstone1619 Thanks for that. What about chemically? This stuff is white, instead of the typical tan color. If I had to guess, maybe it's all SIO2?

Interesting, what kinds of algorithms did it use? Were there formulas that it could use to calculate the component quantities, or was it more of a brute-force approach? What language was it written in? How many lines of code, if you had to guess?

I've always wondered how Concrete was made. Thanks for the video!

I didn't think I would be engaged for 20+ mins by a video about cement. Awesome stuff

Love the idea of an educational science video with life or death stakes

As well as being so basic you will get chemical burns from touching it, the concrete curing process is exothermic, and it can get to ~70 degrees C (44 degrees C is enough to cause burns if kept in contact for long enough). There are stories of people who stick an arm or leg or something into concrete as it's setting as a joke, but by the time they feeling it getting hot, the concrete is too hard to pull their arm out. Pretty horrifying stuff!